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| Introduction |
Despite its name, the Great Barrier
Reef is not one reef, but consists of numerous separate reefs and coral
cays that stretch hundreds of kilometres, extending from beyond Cape York
in the far north of Queensland (almost to Papua New Guinea) to near Fraser
Island in the south of the state. Covering around 300,000 square
kilometres and encompassing around 250 islands, the Great Barrier Reef
Marine Park is the world's largest area of planned conservation, having
gained its World Heritage status in 1981 as the largest and most complex
expanse of living coral on earth.
The Reef is a limestone formation with a top layer of active (living)
coral. The limestone was built up over thousands of years from the
skeletons of tiny sea creatures - coral polyps -being compressed into
rock, and it is still constantly being formed as the coral dies. It
consists of two reef systems that create a lagoon in the middle. The outer
reef system is mostly below sea level and is discernible by a line of
breakers. It comes closest to shore in northern Queensland but goes out up
to 350km from shore further south as it follows the edge of the
continental shelf. The inner reef system is composed of about 2000 major
reefs.
Two very different types of islands can be found in the Reef. Coral cays,
such as the Green and Heron Islands are part of the reef, so they are low
and composed of limestone, and have a very small amount of sandy soil.
Seeds have been carried here by birds, waves and wind, and these islands
have idyllic beaches fringed by tropical vegetation. Most of the islands,
on the other hand, are part of the continental shelf: they are remnants of
submerged mountain ranges, so they reach higher altitudes and have thick
vegetation that resembles that of the mainland. One of these, Hinchinbrook
Island, has a forested mountain, Mt Bowen, that rises to over 1000m above
sea level. It is the largest island national park in the world, being 35km
long and 25km wide.
The most common reef vegetation comprises palms, pandanus, pisonias,
casuarinas and tournefortia. The islands are home to some 200 species of
birds, among them ospreys, frigate birds, herons, gulls and gannets (the
brown variety of which can plummet to the water from a height of 30m).
Tern are also plentiful, some colonies having been estimated to have over
100,000 birds.
The most impressive attractions of the Reef, however, are below the
water's surface. About 400 different types of coral can be found, many of
them very beautiful, with staggering colours - like bright blues and
purples - and diverse shapes - from flower-like structures to stag-horns,
from sea fans to brain coral.
They feed on plankton and rarely grow deeper than 30m, being very
sensitive to temperature. Among the multi-coloured coral are thousands of
shellfish, sponges, anemones, marine worms, urchins and starfish,
including the notorious crown-of-thorns sea star. Molluscs are also
diverse, varying from giant clams weighing up to 250kg to nudibranchs,
which are very colourful and have no shell of any kind.
The Great Barrier Reef is home to approximately 1500 species of fish,
incorporating many exotic tropical species with striking colours (e.g. the
purple-and-yellow tiny dottyback) and peculiar features, such as beaks and
strange snouts (like the unicorn fish), and even fish with unusual habits,
like the ability to change sex. There are also rays, groper that weigh
over 200kg, and sharks.
Other Reef inhabitants are numerous marine mammals as well as turtles,
including the enormous loggerhead and the Green turtles.
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Unit 3/ 327 The Esplanade, Scarness, |
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Hervey Bay Qld 4655 Australia |
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